Breeds islands from Seychelles and Malagasy region through Indian Ocean to Con Dao Island (off Vietnam) and Cocos (Keeling) Island and northern Australia, northward to islets of far southern Japan, and eastward in Pacific to Hawaii, Easter Islands, islands off western Mexico, Cocos Islands (off Costa Rica), Isla Malpelo (off Colombia), and Islas Desventuradas (off northern Chile).
tasmani
Breeds Lord Howe and Norfolk islands (east of Australia), and Kermadec Islands (northeast of New Zealand).
dactylatra
Breeds islands (including peripheral ones) in Caribbean, Fernando de Noronha, Abrolhos, and Trindade (off Brazil), and Ascension and St. Helena (South Atlantic).
melanops
Breeds islands in Red Sea and northwestern Arabian Sea, including Socotra and islands off Somalia and southern Oman.
