Highlands of southern Mexico (Chiapas) to Guatemala and northwestern Nicaragua.
costaricensis
costaricensis (Costa Rican)
Highlands of Costa Rica and Pacific slope of western Panama.
seilerni
seilerni (Caribbean)
Tropical and subtropical zones in foothills and highlands of northern Colombia (Santa Marta region) and coastal range of northern Venezuela (Falcón eastward to Sucre and northern Monagas).
multistrigatus
multistrigatus (Andean)
Subtropical to lower temperate zones in Sierra de Perijá and Andes of Colombia (southward to Cauca), and northwestern and western Venezuela (Zulia and northern Barinas southward to Táchira).
validus
picumnus/validus (Amazonian)
Lowlands and foothills of W Amazonia, both north and south of Amazon, in southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and western Brazil (eastward to Rio Negro and Rio Madeira, and southward to Mato Grosso)..
picumnus
picumnus/validus (Amazonian)
Tropical southern and eastern Venezuela eastward to the Guianas and Brazil north of the Amazon River (Rio Negro eastward to Amapá).
transfasciatus
transfasciatus (Tapajos)
Amazonian Brazil south of the lower Amazon River, from Rio Tapajós eastward to Rio Xingu and southward to northern Mato Grosso.
olivaceus
olivaceus (Bolivian)
Foothills of Bolivian Andes (La Paz, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz).
pallescens
pallescens/casaresi (Southern)
Chaco of eastern Bolivia, southern Brazil, and western Paraguay.
casaresi
pallescens/casaresi (Southern)
Andean foothills of northwestern Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, and Tucumán) and probably southernmost Bolivia.
